The Big Secret of ACT Science Its More Reading Than Science

The Big Secret of ACT Science It's More Reading Than Science SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips For what reason is the ACT Science segment so scary?When I took it the first occasion when, it was quick paced, had a great deal of troublesome science terms, and appeared to be testing. I think manystudents have a comparative encounter on the grounds that the ACT Science segment is not normal for some other test you've taken, and is so not quite the same as the PSAT and SAT. In any case, there's a basic mystery to ACT Science - you really don't have to think a lot about science to progress nicely. Rather, you should have the option to rehearse basic thinking admirably - this is the key reason for ACT Science! In this article, I'll attempt to make the ACT Science area less puzzling. Ideally, before the finish of this article, you'll comprehend that any understudy can get a 36 on the ACT Science area - regardless of what grades you got in your science classes. Do You Need High-Level Science Knowledge to Succeed on ACT Science? While you would figure the area would test significant level science information, there is almost no genuine science information essential, just around 4 inquiries out of 40 depend on outside science information. Rather, you have to have perusing aptitudes to prevail on the ACT Science segment. Huh? Be that as it may, I can't peruse. Strange, I know, yet the ACT Science area intentionally centers around essential aptitudes. Consider the rationale. The ACT is an across the country test, directed to over a million understudies each year.Every understudy takes various degrees of science. Some take AP/IB level tests. Others don't satisfy the secondary school prerequisites for essential science courses. In this manner, it wouldn’t be reasonable for the ACTto test AP or IB level Physics, Biology, Chemistry, or Environmental Science information since few peoplein secondary school cantake the entirety of that science at the propelled level. In this way, ACT Science should be a level playing field, across the country. So what does it really test? What Reading Skills Does the ACT Science Section Test? I'll examine the major basic perusing aptitudes required for ACT Science. When you comprehend these, you'll see why you'll have the option to exceed expectations on ACT Science, regardless of what your evaluations were in your science classes. Perusing Skill Type #1: Reading Visuals for Scientific Data Mostquestions test your capacity to comprehend logical information by understanding charts, outlines, and different visuals, (for example, graphs and scatterplots). To make the test testing, ACT, Inc.,tests these essential aptitudes of perusing visuals in extraordinary manners, utilizing weird charts that you've never observed, for example, this one underneath: Truly, this is a genuine ACT Science area chart. The vast majority of the inquiries on the ACT Science area can be replied by simply perusing the visuals.Using just the chart above, take care of this issue: Despite the fact that the diagram gives a wide range of pieces ofinformation, disregard the entirety of the extrainformationand simply center around what the inquiry is asking.Does S rely upon recurrence? Names are very important.I can discover the diagrams of S by taking a gander at the highest point of the chart and seeing where S is named. At all of the various estimations of S, S is diagramed as a vertical line. As recurrence builds (which occurs along the y-pivot), the S is unaltered (stays steady). Consequently, the appropriate response is J. Learn aboutthe 3 sorts of ACT Science Passages for more data about this technique. Perusing Skill Type #2: Skimming For the inquiries you can’t answer utilizing the visuals, you'll have the option to answer them by perusing the section. The main inquiries you won't have the option to reply with visuals or the section are the 4 past information addresses that I mentionedearlier. The ACT Science segment attempts to make the entry progressively troublesome by tossing in huge logical terms.Don't fear them. The ACTtypically either explainswhat the words mean, orit isn't important to recognize what the words intend to respond to the inquiry. The section underneath has enormous terms like corrosive base titration and nitrazine, yet we will effectively fathom an inquiry from the entry. With just 35 minutes to respond to 40 inquiries (52.5 seconds per question), you can't stand to sit around perusing the whole entry. I suggest going legitimately tothe questions. Attempt to address the inquiries first by understanding visuals. At that point, in case you're truly stuck, attempt to skim the entry to address the inquiry. On the off chance that you don't care for this procedure, you can begin by skimming the entry and afterward responding to questions, yet you don't have the advantage of comfortable perusing the whole section. Look at the entry and question underneath: To the appropriate response this inquiry, you have to begin by taking a gander at Figure 2 for Experiment 2. Make certain to take a gander at the correct information, ensure you are taking a gander at Experiment 2 Figure 2, not Experiment 1 Figure 1. Else, you could wind up with an inappropriate answer. At 0.2 mL of titrant included, the shading was yellow. At 1.8 mL of titrant included, the shading was blue, so you can dispose of B and D. Be that as it may, you don’t recognize what the contrast among yellow and blue methods as far as pH, so you have to skim.You just need this sentence from the finish of the prologue to locate the last answer. In this way, as per the section, blue methods more noteworthy pH than yellow, so the appropriate response is A. You would now be able to perceive how skimming can rapidly lead you to the right answer, yet is skimming consistently the best way to deal with responding to ACT Science questions? Exemption to Skimming Rule The main exemption to the skimming rule is on the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage. (See our article on the 3 kinds of ACT Science Passages for an inside and out rundown of Conflicting Viewpoints Passages).There is just 1 Conflicting Viewpoint Passage for every test (out of a sum of 7 Science passages).This section has no visuals, just words. You have to peruse the whole section. You have to make sense of how the two researchers, understudies, or hypotheses contrast in feeling. Subsequent to perusing this entry, you ought to have the option to observe that Scientist 1 thinks the item was a comet while Scientist 2 thinks the article was a space rock. To respond to address 12, you more likely than not read the whole entry, includingthe introduction.If you read the presentation, you realize it says the article was somewhere in the range of 10 and 100 m in width. On the off chance that comets are a lot bigger than 100 m in distance across, at that point the article couldn't have been a comet. That would debilitate Scientist 1’s contention that the article was a comet.So, the appropriate response is G. Yet, the primary concern, once more, is this - you don't have to know anything about the science basic this section. You have to peruse viably and utilize basic thinking. Side note: the presentations in ACT Science entries regularly hold pieces of gold on the grounds that the ACT Science test producers acknowledge most understudies are probably going to skip it. Try not to pass up a great opportunity! Clashing Viewpoints Passages test your perusing perception capacity, fundamentally the same as the entries in the Reading section.Be sure to give close consideration when perusing Conflicting Viewpoints passages.So, on the off chance that you were going nuts about ACT Science, chill out. You can get a C in Biology and still excel on ACT Science. In any case, that doesn't mean you don't need to try sincerely and practice. How Do You Improve These Reading Skills To Do Well on ACT Science? Recommendation #1: Reading Science Journals and Articles Since the ACT Science Passages are comparable, it'll surrender you a leg since you'll as of now be comfortable with perusing this kind of passage.You'll be increasingly acquainted with the logical strategy and taking a gander at logical information. I suggest Science Daily. Itis a free science news source, and the articles are straightforward. Look at this article abouta study onpeanut hypersensitivities. I suggest perusing their articles just as the first diary article (which they connect to at the base of their articles). While Science Daily doesn't utilize numerous visuals on their site, the diary articles normally have novel diagrams and visuals. For example, this one from the nut hypersensitivity study: When perusing the Science Daily articles, you ought to ask yourself inquiries as a test. Specifically, go through these inquiries: What is the primary concern of the analysis? What was the speculation? How were the trials expected to approve the theory? When taking a gander at the visuals in the related diary articles, what is being delineated? This is the manner by which logical exploration works, and this is the thing that ACT Science anticipates that you should have the option to decode. Proposal #2: Do Well in Your Science Classes While your classes will probably be more testing than the genuine ACT science area, they'll additionally assist you with getting progressively acquainted with the logical technique and taking a gander at logical information. Audit ACT Science while you take science classes. The more fundamental science terms you know, the simpler the ACT Science area will be and the quicker you will have the option to respond to questions. Proposal #3: Practice As I said previously, the Science area is increasingly about understanding diagrams and tables,so you have to penetrate this skill.Also, the Science is one of the most time delicate areas of the test.With just 5 minutes for each section and under 1 moment for every inquiry, regardless of how well you comprehend the material, you need practice.Find great examination material. Look at these suggested books.Check out PrepScholar’s program.PrepScholar separates each area into the abilities you have to ace, at that point gives you concentrated practice on every aptitude. Along these lines you take a shot at your shortcomings, regardless of whether that is deciphering information or understanding the reason for tests. What's Next? I trust understanding this presents to you a major murmur of help. You DON'T need to be a science master to excel on ACT Science. In any case, you DO need to know precisely how ACT Science tests you, and you have to realize how to practice to exceed expectations at it. Learnthe 3 kinds of ACT Science entries, the main real science you have to know for the ACT Science segment, what's tried on ACT Science, andthe most ideal approach to peruse A

Toy Story Or Lion King essays

Toy Story Or Lion King articles How could it be that you settle on a choice between two kid's shows about which is better? Some state that you should pass judgment on them by which of the kid's shows has the best plot, others state to choose how well the characters identify with people? I anyway did neither of these, I chose by the sum little subtleties the specialists put in to the film. I separated the subtleties in to three distinct classes: foundation The film The Lion King had amazing foundations and closer views. Toward the start of the film there is a splendid dawn, this dawn demonstrated an incredibly great foundation. It gradually moves from a dim blue, through an assortment of mauves Toy Story doesn't accomplish as extraordinary of detail in this class, anyway it has a couple of valid statements. All through the film, at whatever point there is a nearby of one of the characters faces, the foundation is in extraordinary detail (for example toward the start of the film, Woody is perched on a seat with Andy, and you can see the multifaceted weaving examples of the seats material. There is additionally extraordinary detail placed into the wooden floor of Andys room, the entirety of the diverse example in the grains of wood can be seen). The Lion King has rather good character itemizing. The entirety of the creatures walk and fly precisely, and the craftsmen... <!

How Long Does Hash Stay in Your System

How Long Does Hash Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print How Long Does Hash Stay in Your System? Hash in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 21, 2020 Verywell / Cindy Chung More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Detection Times Elimination Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top Hash, which is short for hashish,  is a preparation of marijuana made from the resin of the buds of the  cannabis  plant. Hashish oil, or hash oil, is the strongest form of marijuana since its so concentrated, with a pound of marijuana yielding just an ounce or two of hash or hash oil. It can be used in preparing edibles, smoked, or ingested orally. The psychoactive ingredient  in hash and marijuana  is  tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Since the processing of marijuana into hash oil isnt standardized, even in legal production, its difficult to know just how much of the active ingredients are present in the hash oil. It can contain anywhere from 15% to 60% THC. While marijuana is still considered a Schedule I drug at the federal level (meaning that its still considered to be a drug with no currently accepted medical use), several states  and Washington, DC have legalized marijuana for recreational use for people over the age of 21. As of the 2018 midterm elections,  30 states have laws legalizing marijuana for medical use and others have legalized cannabis-based oils with low-THC content. Hash or hash oil may be used as a form of medical marijuana and may be allowed in states where marijuana has been legalized. How Long Does Hash Stay in Your System? Blood: Up to 4 hoursUrine: Up to 30 daysSaliva: Up to 72 hoursHair: Up to 90 days What to Know About Marijuana Use How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? THC  enters your bodys bloodstream rapidly after smoking hash oil. You feel the effects within minutes and they peak in about 30 minutes. If hashish is ingested, such as in baked goods or edibles, it takes longer to be absorbed into the blood, usually from 20 minutes to an hour and a half.?? Once in your system, you may feel like the effects have passed after two to three hours, although there can be some impairment for as long as 24 hours. The timeframe is extremely variable. Duration depends on the concentration of THC, which, as noted before, is not standardized with hash oil, even where it can be produced and purchased legally. If youre a light user, the effects of THC on attention, concentration, and working memory generally pass six hours after ingesting or smoking THC-containing products. During this period, your psychomotor skills are affected, so you shouldnt drive or operate machinery. In a traffic stop, you could be charged with DUI, even if you have a prescription for medical marijuana. If youre a heavy user, there can be residual effects for as long as 28 days after you stop using THC-containing products. The physical side effects of hash oil include: Increased heart rateRed eyesDry mouthIncreased appetiteVasodilatation (widening of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure) Due to the uncertain concentration of THC in hash oil, you should be cautious about the amount you take for medical purposes. Taking a large dose may result in the following: HallucinationsParanoiaAltered moodMemory problemsAnxietyAltered sensation?? Fortunately, these effects will wear off over the course of a few hours. How Long Does Hash Last? The half-life of hash is how long it takes for half of the drug to be metabolized and eliminated from the bloodstream. Some THC metabolites have an elimination half-life of 20 hours. The half-life of fat-stored THC is about 10 to 13 days, meaning there is half of the original amount left at this time.?? Some of the THC in your bloodstream is rapidly metabolized into more than 80 different chemicals, known as metabolites. A portion of these metabolites is then excreted in your urine.?? But THC and its various metabolites are also stored in body fat and remain in your system for much longer. These metabolites accumulate, so if you use hash or hash oil every day, you will have more stores of THC in your body and it may take much longer to eliminate them from your system.?? Some of the THC is stored unchanged, so when its released from fat into your body, it can again exert its psychoactive properties as well as be metabolized and excreted in your urine. Blood Blood tests are rarely used to detect THC since it can only be detected in the bloodstream for about three to four hours after use. Urine In general, the detection windows for THC in a urine test can range from three to 30 days, depending on how often you use the drug. One use: 3 daysModerate use (4 times a week): 5 daysDaily use: 10 daysDaily use over an extended period of time: 30 days Saliva THC typically remains in saliva for one to three days, or until its fully swallowed. Drinking water, brushing your teeth, and using mouthwash may speed up this process. Hair THC can also be stored in your hair follicles, where it may be detected for up to 90 days.?? This long elimination period can be of concern for someone who uses medical marijuana and who may need to take a drug screen. False Positives Previously, over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medications like Advil, Motrin, and Nuprin caused false positives on tests used to detect THC. The tests have been adjusted, however, and this is no longer a problem. Factors That Affect Detection Time How long THC stays in your system depends on a variety of factors, including age, amount of body fat, hydration, physical activity, and how frequently and how much hash you use. Body Mass Index Although not perfect, body mass index (BMI) is a method of estimating body fat levels based on a persons weight and height measurement. Since THC tends to accumulate in fatty tissues, people with a higher BMI of body fat percentage may metabolize THC more slowly, causing longer detection times than a person with a lower index. Sex Since women tend to have higher levels of body fat than men, they may metabolize THC at a slightly slower rate. Metabolic Rate If you have a higher metabolic rate, the shorter the time a drug can be detected in the body. Metabolic rates can be affected by your age, physical activity level, and certain health conditions. Hydration If you’re dehydrated, you’re likely to have higher concentrations of THC in the body after use. That said, drinking lots of water will only dilute a urine drug test, which in most cases, will mean you’ll be asked to retake it.   Frequency of Use If you use hash one time, it might be detectable for only a short period of time, whereas heavy or very frequent use can cause concentrations in the system that can be detected for longer periods of time. Smoking vs. Ingesting Whether you smoke or vape hash, ingest an edible, or take it orally will also influence how long the drug stays in your body. For example, when you  ingest the drug or eat it in the form of an edible, hash takes longer to enter the bloodstream. It has to first go through the entire digestion process. This means it will stay in your body longer. If you smoke or vape hash, it will enter and leave your body more quickly How to Get Hash Out of Your System There is no reliable, quick way to remove THC from your body, despite what people and products claim. Certainly, drinking a lot of water and liquids or exercising vigorously may help, but you’ll still need time for your body to break down and eliminate THC metabolites from your body.  The only reliable way to get hash out of your system is to discontinue use and wait. Various companies sell drinks and herbal supplements like creatinine or vitamin B12 that claim to dilute your urine or “clean” the body’s system, but these drug screening agents may take time and are not always reliable.   Symptoms of Overdose Medical professionals dont yet know how much THC it takes to overdose. That said, THC toxicity has been found to result in psychotic episodes, uncontrollable vomiting, and heart arrhythmias. THC overdose can occur more easily with edibles, as it takes longer for your body to absorb the THC and feel the effects, which can prompt people to ingest more. Can You Overdose on Marijuana? Drug Interactions THC can interact with other drugs, including alcohol, as well as a number of medications like blood thinners and anti-anxiety medications. If youre on any medications, discuss your use of hash oil and other THC-containing products with your doctor as it may influence your dosages.?? Getting Help While marijuana, and by extension hash, isnt considered a highly addictive substance, you can become psychologically addicted to THC and experience symptoms of cannabis withdrawal  if you stop suddenly. While these symptoms are milder than many other drugs, they still exist and may include cravings, mood swings, sleep disruptions, headaches, and digestive troubles. The frequency and amount of hash used prior to stopping will affect the severity and length of the withdrawal. If these symptoms become intense enough to drive you to relapse to find relief, youll want to seek guidance from a healthcare professional who can offer coping strategies for the physical side effects. Its also smart to get help if you find you cant get through your day without hash; this may be a sign of a substance use disorder. Setting up an appointment with a mental health professional or visiting an online or in-person support group can help you deal with the psychological symptoms of hash withdrawal. An Overview of Addiction Treatment

Informative Speech The Funny Thing About Introverts

Informative Speech: I. Introduction: Attention Getter: â€Å"The funny thing about introverts is once they feel comfortable with you, they can be the funniest, most enjoyable people to be around. It’s like a secret they feel comfortable sharing with you. Except the secret is their personality.† (Unknown). B. Background and Audience Relevance: Introversion is a personality trait, which is viewed as quiet. The words introversion and extroversion came from Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist, Carl Jung. C. Speaker Credibility: Remember in middle school and high school when you use to vote most likely or this person is? Remember there would be a category of who was shy or quiet? That would always be me. Or people would ask me why or say that I’m so quiet. Does it bother me? No not really, it’s true. It can be annoying though because it just feels like your lips are shut and you don’t know what to say. Although, I wasn’t always an introvert until I had to switch schools after fifth grade. How did that happen? I don’t really know but that is what I will be talking about today. D. Thesis: Introverts may seem anti-social but they are outgoing once you get to know them. E. Preview of Main Points: First, I’ll be talking about what introversion is and the causes; secondly, the myths of introversion. And lastly, signs if you’re an introvert. Transition to first main point: Let’s take a look at what introversion is and why these people are quiet. II. Main Point 1:Show MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Introverts 1152 Words   |  5 PagesComm 150- 42 â€Å"Introverts† Informative Speech: I. Introduction: A. Attention Getter: â€Å"The funny thing about introverts is once they feel comfortable with you, they can be the funniest, most enjoyable people to be around. It’s like a secret they feel comfortable sharing with you. Except the secret is their personality.† (Unknown). B. Background and Audience Relevance: Introversion is a personality trait, which is viewed as quiet. The words introversion and extroversion came from Swiss psychiatrist

How do banks evaluate financial projects and offer loans in Uzbekistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1946 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Banks play critical roles in every economy, and perform an important role in terms of maturity transformation. They operate the payments system, and are the major source of credit for large swathes of the economy, and act as a safe haven for deposits funds. They collect demandable deposits and raise funds in the short-term capital markets and invest them in long-tem assets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How do banks evaluate financial projects and offer loans in Uzbekistan" essay for you Create order It means resources from those in surplus (depositors) are allocated to those in deficit (borrowers) through the banking system. This activity can help match deposit and loan supply and provides liquidity to an economy. Banks also provide loan commitments, letters of credits, and other guarantees that help counterparties plan for future investments (Allen et al 2010). Largest banks in many countries have a tendency to transform themselves via merger and acquisition into multi-product or service offers to customers comprising retail banking, asset management, brokerage, insurance, investment banking, and wealth management (Allen et al 2010). RESEARCH QUESTION, RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to find out and understand How do banks evaluate financial projects and offer loans in Uzbekistan, what do they require from their customers for evaluation, and how do they analyze and evaluate before offering credit limit and loans to customers. The following questions will also be features that I try to identify answers through for my research task chosen: How are the projects evaluated before making a decision to undertake by Uzbekistan banks? How do banks evaluate a companys performance and capital structure using both qualitative and quantitative frameworks and tools? How do banks apply the analytic techniques across different industries? What are the advantages and disadvantages of evaluation tools in use? How do the banks in Uzbekistan face the global economic crisis? What would be a solution if they meet any challenge in evaluating projects? LITERATURE REVIEW Banking industry in Uzbekistan The total loans granted that commercial banks in Uzbekistan have offered to their customers have been significantly increased in these years, from $898 million in 2008 to $1.2 billion in 2009 for micro and small enterprises (MSEs). This number is forecasted to increase by $275 million in 2010 (Asian Development Bank, 2010). However, the demand of MSEs is still unmet although the credit has grown significantly. Therefore, banks in this country become stricter in evaluating, and offering the loans to enterprises. In short-tem, the main risk for banks is higher inflation because of the very restrictive policy towards imports. In medium-term, the risk will be related to financial sector adversely affected by a rise in non-performing loans while the enterprises expect for soft budget constraints and various protectionist measures that results to the competitiveness of enterprises (European Bank for reconstruction and development, 2010). Uzbekistan, showing soundness to global recessi on, is anticipated as one of the most favorable in the region with the real GDP expected to grow by 7 percent in 2009. The strong fiscal position of this country can allow it to get further fiscal expansion in 2010 (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2010). The Anti crisis program and other social programs allow this country to overcome the impact of the world crisis, resulting stable economical growth, stable socioeconomic development and improving the living standards of Uzbeks. Uzbekistan has more than 30 commercial banks with 3 state-owned banks, 13 joint stock banks, 9 foreign capital banks and some other private banks with 46,000 branches and retail stores. Total assets of banks in Uzbekistan are 2 times higher than the total balance of the population and legal entities deposits, insuring complete protection and guarantee of timely payments. Its bank capital adequacy ratio is higher than the international standards. Total current liquidity is 10 times higher than external payments due (see figure 1 and figure 2). (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2010) Figure 2 Figure 2 Figure 1 Fourteen of those 30 banks were rated as stable by leading international rating companies such as National Bank of Uzbekistan (NBU), Asaka bank, Agrobank, UzPSB bank, and some others (see figure 3 for more statistics about assets and capital of the banking system in Uzbekistan). If considering about the following criteria: financial soundness, a significant rural retail network, the ability and willingness to manage the exchange risk prudently, etc, there are three suitable commercial banks chosen: Hamkorbank, Ipak Yuli and Asaka. Hamkorbank, listed on the Uzbek Stock Exchange, was established in Andijan, Uzbekistans fourth largest city, in 1991. This is a leading privately owned commercial bank in Uzbekistan. Its primary business is offering the entire range of retail banking products and services to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SME). It holds about 1.9% market share of banking section assets and 1.3% of capital stock (Asian Development Bank, 2010). In Hamkorbank , the head office and branch-level committees of each regional branch have the authority to approve loans within a particular lending limits annually set by the head office and executive board. This bank has rich experience in dealing with microcredit. Its loans were up to $29.3 million at the end of 2009. Moreover, Hamkorbank has been successful in attracting funding and receiving technical assistance for microfinance from external sources. Another stable bank in Uzbekistan is AIpak Yuli Bank. This is an open joint stock commercial bank establish in 1990. During 2007, the total assets have increased in 1.9 times and have reached 186.8 billion soum (equivalent to 116 million US dollars). This growth rate is kept last three years. Crediting is considered as the as a major part of mutual relations of the bank. The main task of bank in credit activity is to increase a qualitative and highly remunerative loan portfolio based on minimization and diversification of credit risks. AIpak Yuli Bank offers many types of loans such as credit lines, commercial lending in national currency and foreign currency, leasing, factoring, micro-crediting, consumer and mortgage lending. Before accepting and offering a loan, the bank usually gives a special place to issued credit security for guaranteed equipments which is estimated conservatively and sometimes need independent appraisers (AIpak Yuli Bank, 2007) Figure 3 (Source is available from: https://www.jp-ca.org/navoiforum/materials/zantais/4bafaev.pdf) Finance Finance is the science of the management of money and other assets including money, banking, investments, and credit (https://www.thefreedictionary.com/finance). Financing of banks means banks providing funds or capital, supplying fund or credit to lenders borrowers such as enterprises, corporations, government projects, etc. Projects financed by banks There are many banks in Uzbekistan providing project financing, loans, or credit lines such as Asian Development Bank, World Bank, Japan international cooperation agency, Islamic Development Bank, etc. Projects specially paid attention and received loans, credit lines, etc from the banks are investment projects with major contribution to Uzbekistan economic development and structural reforms, projects aiming at infrastructure development, projects of modernizing industrial enterprises, or procurement of new modern technologies, equipments and other strategic goods. Most of enterprises have concentrated on investing new technologies as they think that technology is one of the most important key factors for success. Most industries, such as steel and/or automobile industries, require rebuilding in order to get rid of old technology and reduce labor intensities and increase capital intensities (English J. M., 1984) Project financial evaluation Any project to be undertaken by financial institutions requires a very careful consideration/evaluation. Project financial evaluation is an in-depth investigation of cash flow and risk with the object of determining a projects eventual return on investment (Annettle, 2010). It means all of the fiscal factors such as cash flow, insurances, capital outlay, payback period, and the ROI (return on investment) involved in the project are checked and evaluated carefully. (English J. M., 1984) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY There are various definitions for the term research. Lee and Lings (2008) describes it like Research is about generating knowledge about what you believe the world is. Saunders et al (2003) defines research as something that people increase their knowledge through by finding out things in a systematic way and they highlights two phrases together: systematic research and to find out things. These may contain describing, explaining, understanding, criticizing, and analyzing (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002).They show a multiplicity of possible purposes in research. Lee and Lings (2008) believes that research is a human process thats done by people. People may have alternative opinions on understanding things from each other; they conflict, dispute and sometimes make mistakes. Research paradigm To define clear research philosophy reduces mistakes and simplifies the research task. According to Saunders et al (2003), there are three views of business research that leads the way in which knowledge is enlarged and concluded as being acceptable. They are positivism, interpretivism, and realism. Positivist researcher performs the role of the objective analyst, collects data and explains analysis in an apparently value-free manner. They put more emphasis on well-prepared methodology to make easy duplication (Gill and Johnson, 1997) and on scientific study that leads to create a statistical analysis. Interpretive researcher argues that the business situations are getting more and more complex in ever-changing world of business organizations. Such a complexity requires definite laws as the physical sciences refer to. They consider circumstances are reduced wholly to a law-like generalization series. On the other hand, realism pushes the idea that a reality exists in independenc e of human thoughts and beliefs. In the study of business and social sciences this can be seen as indicating that there are large-scale social forces and processes that affect people without their necessarily being aware of the existence of such influences on their interpretations and behaviours'( Saunders et al, 2003). It would be a wrong assumption if I say that one of those philosophies has an absolute advantage or is better than another. However, positivism will be my research methodology. Research strategies Lee and Lings (2008) illustrates two approaches to the research. Deduction is an approach in which researcher concludes from rational and logical principles. In an example given by them, ancient Greeks say writing a book always makes the author(s) rich, but this is valid and the premises are true, only if it were so. Being essentially opposite of deduction, induction applies to a process showing movement from specific surveillance to a more common theory. In the theory of Saunders et al (2003), deduction tests theory where induction builds theory. There are two main types of research: quantitative research and qualitative research. For my dissertation, I will use qualitative research. This type is generally exploratory in nature, consisting investigative research approaches that result in descriptive textual information. The reason why I choose this approach for my research is because of its features. Qualitative research approach can helps to examine processes, patterns, opinio n, values, and case studies including critical incidents. However, the important concern when I conduct qualitative research is that I need to consider the most appropriate methods for gathering and interpreting the information. I will try to look through the eyes of someone else and make a systematic attempt to understand them. Data collection methods The key resource for my research project is the library including both physical libraries and online libraries. In these places, there are not only books, journals, archived materials, but also information centers that co-ordinate an electronic gateway to a massive amount of online information. Using new primary sources: my research will focus on collecting data from primary sources such as recently produced reports from banks and enterprises who requested for financing, or face-to-face research through in-depth interviewing and focus group interviewing. Secondary sources: observation ANTICIPATED RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS The important task when doing a research is critically analyzing and evaluating information, ideas, and data collected. The key aim of qualitative research is to represent the material in a balanced and rational way. I will not only select examples, answers or quotes to analyze but also consider and note the opposing evidence, then arrive at a conclusion based on a careful analysis of the arguments and literature sources related to my topic. TIMEFRAME

Music and Magic in the World of Arda Free Essays

string(41) " as the example of Felagund illustrates\." MUSIC AND MAGIC IN THE WORLD OF ARDA In Tolkien’s legendarium, magic as it appears in contemporary sword-and-sorcery stories does not exist. Tolkien makes it clear in essays and debates that his magic is far more complex than the waving of a wand, and does not follow strict, clear-cut rules. Instead, power over the laws of nature and reality lies to a great extent in song and music. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Magic in the World of Arda or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first act of creation in the â€Å"Ainulindale†, by which the foundations for Arda’s creation were laid, was the singing of the Music of the Ainur by Iluvatar and the divine beings beneath him. When the beings of Arda create song, the result is often ‘magical’, whether in an emotional sense or if it has a tangible effect upon the world around it. In both the â€Å"Ainulindale† and â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† this is quite evident. Singing in Tolkien’s legendarium is in some ways a magical act, in that any of the Children of Iluvatar engaged in it are reflecting the original creative acts of the Ainur, sub-creating and greatly affecting the world around them, and that the only limits on a being’s ability to create music are its purpose – whether to dominate or to create – and the sheer force of will it places behind its magical, musical intent. Singing has a variety of effects within Tolkien’s works, but the most dramatic ones by far are those visible in the â€Å"Ainulindale†. Here, singing is synonymous with creation itself. The notes of the many Ainur, including Melkor, as well as those of Iluvatar, all coalesce in order to form the basis for Arda and its history. The act of song-making as creation is not metaphorical: the Ainur originally conceive of the world through music, and the voices of the Ainur are even described as â€Å"like unto harps and lutes, and pipes and trumpets, and viols and organs, and like unto countless choirs with words† (Tolkien 4). Even the conflict between Iluvatar, who seeks to create a world of beauty and freedom for its future inhabitants, and Melkor, who seeks to dominate all that is, is done through their respective melodies. No music existed before that of the Ainur in their acts of creation, and although a great deal of music existed afterward, none was ever as powerful or influential in shaping the world, as the passage reads â€Å"Never since have the Ainur made any music like to this music† (Tolkien 4) This original music created the first true polarization between good and vil – through the conflict between Iluvatar and Melkor – and initiated the creation of the world. The fact that the Music of the Ainur created the world itself is no less visible than when Iluvatar declared â€Å"behold your music! † and the Ainur first saw the world (Tolkien 6). In fact, all later music stemmed from this music, in that the Music of the Ainur set the stage for the genesis of all Childre n of Iluvatar and the music they would go on to produce. The effects of song are equally as visible, if not quite so dramatic, in the tale of Beren Luthien, particularly through Luthien herself. Throughout the story, many of Luthien’s actions revolve around music and song. When Beren first sees her, he is spellbound by her appearance, and it is not until she sings out loud and â€Å"flowers [spring] from the cold earth where her feet had passed† that he is released from his shock enough to call out to her (Tolkien 194). Her music is also powerful enough to put the great wolf Carcharoth, as well as Morgoth himself in Angband, to sleep. In addition, it aids her and Huan in combating Sauron at Tol-in-Gaurhoth. Finally, her heartfelt song of sorrow at Beren’s death at the end of the tale proves moving enough to warrant restoring Beren to life, and allowing Beren and Luthien to spend their final, mortal years together in peace. Indeed, it is stated that â€Å"The song of Luthien before Mandos was the song most fair that ever in words was woven, and the song most sorrowful that the world shall hear† (Tolkien 221). She is not the only character who uses song to great effect, however. When King Felagund and Sauron battle in the dark lands of Morgoth, they duel with words and songs of power rather than physical weapons. Felagund fights with inspirational songs, harkening up images of â€Å"trust unbroken† and â€Å"resisting†, while Sauron utilizes songs of â€Å"treachery† and â€Å"betrayal† (Tolkien 201). Sauron proved more powerful however, and once he defeats Felagund, the others are entirely helpless against him. In these particular stories, the greatest singers are either connected to the Ainur, or are Ainur themselves. This point is fairly obvious in the case of the â€Å"Ainulindale†, in which all participants of the Music were Iluvatar’s â€Å"Holy Ones† , but is also quite evident in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† (Tolkien ). There, Luthien is half-Maia as the daughter of Melian, and her power is extraordinary for a Child of Iluvatar. She proves capable of contending with a fallen Valar, a powerful Maia, and a vicious beast-servant of Morgoth through her skills with song. Sauron himself is also quite skilled in the art of song as a Maia , and in a duel with a mortal he â€Å"had the mastery† (Tolkien 201). The reason for the magical superiority of the Ainur is quite simple: they were involved in the original music of the world. They were originally formed by Iluvatar for the express purpose of creating â€Å"in harmony together a Great Music† and through it the world, and so it is far more natural to them (Tolkien 3). Although Luthien herself has no experience with true creation, as Sauron and her mother do, she nonetheless has the blood of a being that was essentially created for song, as Melian also sprang from the mind of Iluvatar for the purpose of creating the world. By no means are all great singers in Tolkien’s world Maiar however, or even those related to them, as the example of Felagund illustrates. You read "Music and Magic in the World of Arda" in category "Essay examples" While Felagund may not be able to best a Maia such as Sauron, he is still able to compete with a Maia for what appears to be the majority of their conflict, and it is outright stated that â€Å"the power of the King was very great† in the conflict (Tolkien 201). He lacks the experience and inborn purpose for song that any Maia would possess as a being originally born to create Arda, but he remains a force to be reckoned with, and he is unquestionably more powerful through his skill with song than most other characters in the tale. It is clear, then, that force of will and drive can – to an extent – mitigate the difference in natural ability between a Child of Iluvatar and an Ainu. Luthien’s exemplary skill with song in the latter half of the tale may have thus been influenced by her drive to help Beren and the â€Å"weight of horror† that her love caused her to feel at the possibility of his death (Tolkien 202). The act of song-making in the â€Å"Ainulindale† is, at its core, an act of creation. What is present throughout â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† however – and, for that matter, all other stories set in Middle-Earth during the First through Fourth Ages – is sub-creation. Just as Iluvatar created the Ainur originally for the purpose of creation, the Children of Arda and those that Iluvatar would – humans, elves, hobbits, and dwarves – were made to sub-create. In other words, they were meant to create even further, through art, literature, and above all, song. By attempting to emulate the song of creation, the Children would make the world even more vibrant, rich, and pleasant than the Valar had originally managed. Tolkien states in his letter to Milton Waldman prefacing â€Å"The Silmarillion† that for the Elves, magic is â€Å"Art, delivered from many of its human limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Art not power, sub-creation not domination and tyrannous re-forming of creation† (Tolkien xvi-xvii). The effect of song in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† was somewhat different. If songs made by the Valar were what originally brought about and shaped the world, then songs made by the Children could do the same, beyond merely in terms of producing music for pleasure’s sake. As exemplified by Felagund, a sufficiently strong, refined will could sub-create in a way that mirrored creation itself, and shape the world despite lacking the natural affinity for song that an Ainu possesses. What this evidence points to is a notion that at first may seem ridiculous: that the magical song-making of the Ainur and the Children are fundamentally exactly the same. The ability of several of the Children in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† to contend with Ainur in contests of power through song already lends credence to this idea, suggesting that the music created by the Ainur is the same, only greater. It would appear that the difference between the use of songs by the Ainur and the Children merely results from the inherently greater willpower of the Ainur. As beings that are not only older but are also â€Å"the offspring of [Iluvatar’s] thought†, their wills are considerably more refined and honed than those of the Children (Tolkien 3). Theoretically however, any elf, man, hobbit, or dwarf with sufficient mental discipline and/or training could make music as great as that of an Ainu. Thus, the closeness to the natural world and ‘magic’ of the elves is simply a consequence of their having spent more time amongst the Valar and within the world than the other Children, gaining more competence with song and closeness to the musical skill of the Ainur as a result. In addition, the ability of Melkor to overpower the songs of the other Ainur in the â€Å"Ainulindale† resulted from him having â€Å"been given the greatest gifts of power and knowledge† and resulting musical affinity, and that greater force of will alone was that set him apart (Tolkien 4). The two sections being discussed point to one other significant notion: that there is an inherent difference between the music produced by the Children and good Ainur, and the music produced by the Dark Powers of Morgoth. The â€Å"Ainulindale† indicates that the Music of the Ainur was initially harmonious, with â€Å"endless interchanging melodies woven in harmony† (Tolkien 4). It was only once Melkor, desiring to overpower and control the course of the Music, decided to interfere, that the Music became disjointed and violent. Eventually, Iluvatar himself steps in, at which point it is clear that the melodies of Iluvatar and Melkor are diametrically opposed, and that only Melkor’s music â€Å"hath not its uttermost source in [Iluvatar]† (Tolkien 6). The music of the other Ainur, which was harmonious with that of Iluvatar, was gentle, melodious, and pleasant. Melkor’s music was violent and aggressive. To an extent, the musical conflict between Felagund and Sauron in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† mirrors this, though in that case Sauron’s aggressive, spiteful song proves victorious due to his superior will. While the songs produced by the forces of good and evil are somewhat similar, their basic nature and purpose – to create, and to dominate, respectively – are polar opposites, and the dominative nature of evil is the source of the violence and cacophonous nature of the songs. Indeed, Tolkien’s statement of the Elves’s magic as â€Å"Art not Power, sub-creation not domination†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in contrast with that of Melkor and Sauron, supports the notion that the nature of their magic – and this applies to all other forces of good as well – is irreconcilable with that of Melkor and his minions (Tolkien xvi-xvii). In the â€Å"Ainulindale†, as well as â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien†, Tolkien reveals the true nature of magic and song: in his world, they are synonymous. While there may be major differences in the fundamental nature of the songs used by good and evil, only force of will and purpose make the song of an Ainu such as Morgoth any greater than that of a half-Maia such as Luthien, or a mere elf-king such as Felagund. Keeping these conclusions in mind, one may reach a single, overarching definition of magic in Tolkien’s works: an act of musical creation or sub-creation with enough force of will behind it to tangibly affect the world. There is no need to understand the mechanics of music in the legendarium, only that any being is capable of it and that it is the source of all magical acts. Truly, the significance of song in Tolkien’s work, especially for the purpose of understanding the magic of the world and the nature of the conflict that spans the entire legendarium, cannot be overstated. WORKS CITED Tolkien, J. R. R. , and Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion. 2nd Ed. Del Rey Books, 2001. Print. 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Flavored Mineral Water Strategy Japanese Market Essay Example For Students

Flavored Mineral Water Strategy ? Japanese Market Essay South Beach Company (SoBe)Flavored Mineral Water Strategy Japanese MarketINTRODUCTION:South Beach Beverage Company, SoBe, makes and markets herbal enhanced beverages. These beverages, called healthy refreshments have been designed to market to active persons concerned with their health. Other products that SoBe sells online are hats, shirts, limited collectibles, childrens clothing, sportswear, and some other miscellaneous items to include duffle bags and water bottles. SoBe products are available throughout Canada, Puerto Rico, Aruba, Anguilla, St. Kitts, Nevis, Grand Cayman Islands, Turks ; Caicos, Bolivia, Antigua, Barbados, Guam, Bahamas, Bermuda, United Kingdom, Ireland, The British Virgin Islands, El Salvador, Trinidad, Mexico and Curacao. Beverages can be found in convenience stores, grocery stores, mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs, delis, gas marts, and select restaurants/hotels. A separately operating unit of Pepsi-Cola North America, SoBe markets and sells its bevera ges through the combined efforts of Pepsi-Cola bottlers and independent distributors. Starting in 1996 by four partners who were into health and fitness as a way of life, the first product introduced, SoBe Black Tea 3G with Ginseng, Ginkgo and Guarana brought an overwhelming response. As a result, the company gained ground and immediately introduced SoBe Green Tea, SoBe Oolong Tea, SoBe Orange Carrot Elixir, SoBe Cranberry Grapefruit Elixir and SoBe Energy. These products started the company and now serve as the foundation for future brand development. Most SoBe beverages are sold in a 20 oz. glass lizard bottle that is double sealed to protect the freshness of the beverages. However, in order to make their product more portable and safe for places where glass isnt the best material to use, the company produced one line of their drink, SoBe Synergy, in a can which is 11.5 oz. SoBe also makes several other beverages to include SoBe Sports System, an advanced performance beverage syst em, SoBe Adrenaline Rush, an all-natural maximum energy supplement, Love Bus Brew, an energizing chocolate-flavored drink, and SoBe Ice, an icy-cold fountain-dispensed frozen drink. SoBes name can also be found on SoBe Gum and SoBe Chocolate two of their licensed products. The newest product is the 16-oz. energy-packed SoBe No Fear Super Energy Supplement. Being in the business of producing healthy drinks, SoBe even has a sugar-free product line called SoBe Lean. This line appeals to diabetics and all health-conscious consumers who want to avoid sugar. These drinks are sweetened with a blend of sucralose and ACE-K. The company boasts many different recipes for health drinks and there are currently over 200 different cap slogans in production. The flavor of the beverage is on all of the front and back labels, excluding the 3G Teas. Although some products dont have the flavor of the beverage on it, because it is part of their older stock still on the market, new labels are being generated so that all products will eventually have their flavor name on it. Another health issue for consumers is weather or not caffeine is added. SoBe beverages show an ingredient statement on the back label for all of their beverages. In general, all of their tea drinks contain caffeine that is naturally derived from the tea leaves. The list of flavors availa ble to consumers of SoBe health drinks is so long that room often needs to be made for the production of new drink flavors. There have been several flavors discontinued to make room to include SoBe Drive, SoBe Essentials, Edge, Eros, Red Tea, Orange-Tomato, Strawberry Carrot Elixir, Karma, Wisdom, Lean Green Tea, Lean Peach Mango, Lean Orange Carrot and Lean Citrus. However, some of these discontinued flavors may come back in the future. Although SoBe just came out with a 4 pack of SoBe bottles in their more popular flavors and currently make 12 pack variety cases, usually sold at wholesale clubs, they dont make the 6 pack. Complete Beverage Line:Exotic Teas and Fruit Juice Blends (Black Tea, Dragon, Green Tea, Nirvana, Oolong, Zen Tea)Powerline (Courage, Drive, Energy, Fuerte, Power)Elixir Line: (Pomegranate Cranberry, Cranberry Grapefruit, Orange Carrot)Lizard Line: (Black and Blue Berry Blue, Liz Blizz, LizFuel, Lizard Lava, Lizard Lightning, Tsunami)SoBe Lean: Cranberry Grapefruit, Peach Tea, TropicalSoBe Adrenaline Rush: Adrenaline Rush, Sugar Free SoBe Adrenaline RushSoBe No FearSpecial Recipes: Long John Lizards Grape Grog, MacLizards Special Recipe LemondadeSynergy: Fruit, Grape, Kiwi, Lemonade, MangoVariety Pack: Includes Green Tea, Lizard Lava, Energy, Orange Carrot Elixir Fountain Drinks: Includes Energy, Lean Cranberry Grapefruit, PowerSoBe Ice: Frozen drinkAs mentioned earlier, SoBe is a player in the international market and, therefore, already understands how to operate on that level. However, SoBe doesnt currently sell their products in Japan, a market that research has shown to be a luc rative one for exporters of health beverages. In addition, research has also shown that this is especially the right time for sellers of health beverages to get into this market because Japanese consumers are more health-conscious than ever before. This is so much the case that the market for these beverages continued to grow, even during Japans recent recession. Companies like SoBe, which produce natural, organic, herbal or fruit ingredients have a great chance of being a success in Japan as a result of this continued demand. Currently, 20 companies own 80 percent of Japans beverage market with one U.S. firm alone holding 35 percent. But these large market-players still need reliable suppliers of trendy health and natural products. This is why SoBe should initiate one or more of their product lines to the Japanese market. INTERNAL FUNCTIONS:PLANNING:SoBes new product in Japan will need to be designed to meet Japans market needs and to comply with SoBes core strategic plan. Before t he final product is marketed, manufactured, and sold, SoBe needs to ensure that all departments participate in providing a product that SoBe can proudly stand by. The departments that will be involved for finding the appropriate product for the appropriate market will be the marketing/sales, research ; development, production, and operations department. These departments will conduct the analysis that will provide for a defined strategic plan. Their analysis should ensure information to include economic, cultural, legal, and competitive conditions. After SoBe finds that its advantageous to enter a certain market, it will need to modify the product for that market. In addition, charts should be created by the production department to include action-plan deadlines for roll-out of the product. Mexico EssayTop-10 Japanese Bottled Water Companies Top-10 Japanese Bottled Water Brands Company ShareShare +/- Vol. +/- Brand Share Share +/- Vol. +/- CompanySuntory19.1-1.5+5.8% S. Alps Natural Water17.3-1.2+7.1% SuntoryCoke Japan11.4+2.0+37.9% Woods Water11.4+2.0+37.9% Coke JapanHouse Foods10.5-1.5flatRokkos Tasty Water10.5-1.5flatHouse FoodsMisubishi6.9-1.0flatVolvic6.9-1.0flatMitsubishiNestle Japan 4.8-0.1+12.4% Evian3.9+0.1+17.1% Calpis/DanoneCalpis/Danone3.9+0.1+17.1% Alkali Ion Water3.4flat+14.6% KirinKirin3.5flat+14.2% Crystal Gaiser2.9+0.8+58.9% OhtsukaOhtsuka2.9+0.8+56.4% Kon Kon Spring Water2.6-0.3+3.8% n/aSapporo2.0+0.7+75.0% Sapporo Tanigawa Water2.0+0.7+75.0% SapporoBourbon1.3-0.1+3.7% Natural Water in Japan1.8-0.4-5.0% n/aLEGAL ENVIRONMENT:To ensure compliance with Japans laws, SoBe should obtain legal advice from its legal department. It may be also useful to hire a legal consulting firm in Japan. Information that might be found would include the fact that Japan re quires that businesses operating in Japan provide semi-annual financial disclosures. As a result, SoBe will need to ensure compliance with this rule. The following legally-involved events could pose problems to the distribution of SoBes product: Trade war or restrictive duties on food/beverage exports into Japan could threaten supply Legal changes in shipping regulations would cause problems by leading to significant delays in fulfilling orders Drop in the value of the dollar (or in Japanese currency) due to legal changes and economic policies will make selling the product in Japan more expensive Change in government regulations around selling food products may force a change in package or product mix ENTRY MODE:SoBe will need to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each type of entry mode. Although SoBe can engage in exporting, turnkey projects, licensing, franchising, or joint ventures, SoBe would be best to pursue the wholly owned subsidiaries mode of entry so that they c an obtain tight control over their operations and core competence. This plan has the disadvantage of bearing all the costs and risks that come with setting up in Japan but it is the best match with consideration to SoBes strength and current position. COST/BENEFIT RELATIONSHIP:Analysis will show that SoBes venture in Japan will be successful with regards to the competitive, market, and economic conditions. While the costs are high for implementation with the plan to follow the wholly owned subsidiaries mode of entry, the benefits of providing this type of product which demand is ever-growing in Japan are high as well. To reduce costs, SoBe should ensure that all departments are properly staffed and fully involved in making strategic decisions. CONCLUSION:The best plan for SoBe would be to pursue the international strategy with entering the Japanese beverage market with their sugar-free flavored water. By pursuing an international strategy, SoBe will be able to earn a greater return from their distinctive skills or core competencies, realize location economies by dispersing particular value creation activities to those locations where they can be performed most efficiently, and to realize greater experience curve economies, which reduces the cost of value creation. It will need to do all this by customizing its product offering, marketing strategy, and business strategy to the Japanese market conditions. The flavored water product will do well because most new-age drinks designed for U.S. consumers dont translate well to the Japanese palate that doesnt like the fact that they are too sweet. But flavored-water, which tends to be sugar-free, is perfect for this market. In addition there is room to grow for this market, which is still smaller than that of France, the United States and even other Asian nations. SoBe should enter Japan with this product because research has shown that many consumers in Japan worry about the quality of their tap water. This is a special concern in metropolitan areas such as Tokyo and Osaka. Research also shows that despite of past problems with water conditions (such as the scare that occurred in Japan in 1996), consumers seem confident that bottled water ensures good flavor and high safety standards. Also, Japanese teenagers who see bottled water on television, and vacationers who enjoy it on overseas trips, contribute to the growing demand for trendy bottled waters.

Night Essays (406 words) - Holocaust Literature, Night, Literature

Night During extreme times a person can survive. One could look at NIGHT by Elie Wiesel. We can see many different people in the book fighting to survive. By examining Elie and his father one can see details of people fighting to survive. The book NIGHT shows that a person can survive extreme conditions. For example Elie ran 42 miles in one night without stopping. This shows one can push themselves just with the thought of living, even most athletes would have trouble running this far. This also shows that something horrible could make someone stronger. At another time in the book Elie watched his father being beaten. This shows that even though a loved one is being hurt Elie still thinks about survival, because he knows that if he intervened he would have been hurt or even worse killed. This also shows that one can drop into a robot like state to stop his emotions, because if he felt sad or cried he might have been harmed. For example Elies father was a 50-year-old man and he survived for over 3 years in the concentration camps. This shows that even an older person can fight to survive now days being 50 and still doing things isn't that big a thing but back then there had not been that many medical advancements. This also shows that someone can push themselves beyond normal limits of human strength. At another time Elies father was beaten and he didn't fight back. This shows that Elies father was strong enough to be beaten but a metal bar was striking him and a normal person wouldn't have been able to put up with that but since Elies father was thinking about surviving so he was stronger. This also shows that even though Elies father wanted to fight back (there's no actual evidence of this but who wouldn't want to fight back?) He didn't because he knew that he would have been killed if he fought back so by thinking about survival he knew he had to be beaten. During extreme times a person can push themselves to live. In everyday life people take hundreds of things for granite but when Elie was put into the concentration camps he had everything taken away from him. From the book one can see how to treasure the simple things in life. The book night showed many ways people survive Elie survived the concentration camps and reading his story shows his hardships and Elies father even though he didn't survive he still showed how a older man would fight to survive.

René Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope

Renà © Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope The stethoscope is an implement for listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is widely used by doctors and veterinarians to gather data from their patients, in particular, breathing and heart rate. The stethoscope may be acoustic or electronic, and some modern stethoscopes record sounds, as well.   The Stethoscope: An Instrument Born of Embarrassment The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician Renà © Thà ©ophile Hyacinthe Laà «nnec (1781-1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. The doctor was treating a female patient and was embarrassed to use the traditional method of Immediate Auscultation, which involved the doctor pressing his ear to the patients chest. (Laà «nnec recounts that the method was rendered  inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient.) Instead, he rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube, which allowed him to hear his patients heartbeat. Laà «nnecs embarrassment gave rise to one of the most important and ubiquitous medical instruments. The first stethoscope was a wooden tube similar to the ear horn hearing aids of the time. Between 1816 and 1840, the various practitioners and inventors replaced the rigid tube with a flexible one, but documentation of this phase of the device’s evolution is spotty. We do know that the next leap forward in stethoscope technology took place in 1851 when an Irish doctor named Arthur Leared invented a binaural (two-ear) version of the stethoscope. This was refined the next year by George Cammann and put into mass production.   Other improvements to the stethoscope came in 1926, when Dr. Howard Sprague of Harvard Medical School and M.B. Rappaport, an electrical engineer, developed a double-headed chest piece. One side of the chest piece, a flat plastic diaphragm, rendered higher-frequency sounds when pressed to the patient’s skin, while the other side, a cup-like bell, allowed sounds of a lower frequency to be discerned.

Thinking Through Religions 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thinking Through Religions 3 - Essay Example In â€Å"Nonsense† Watts also highlights a more theological meaning of life by indicating that according to a number of various theologies, we as humans are created for the pleasure of God and that the true meaning of life according to some theistic religions is God (Watts,66-70). Why is this Important? This is fundamentally important as Watts is seen to attempt to critically highlight some of the more predominant concerns pertaining towards the establishment of what is the true meaning of life. By providing several different answers to the question, Watts is seen to try and tackle the question from a number of different angle as he attempts each of us establish the meaning of life. An Understanding of how Joseph Campbell Explains the Role of Clowns in Religion According to Campbell, clown religions and clowns are especially. The use of clowns in numerous Celtic and Germanic myths essentially serves to show that although the outward appearance of some of the deities as represe nted by some clown figures might be marred and of a rather grotesque nature, we should always endeavor to look through the often very funny exterior forms and find the ultimate image. By adopting this approach, we can essentially learn to disregard the physical appearance of the individuals we meet and understand them better (Campbell and Moyers). Campbell’s view of the role played by clowns essentially fits in with my own views as I always try to obtain a somewhat deeper understanding of persons that I chance to encounter and interact with. By practicing this approach, I have generally managed to become a fundamentally better person having a deeper appreciation for...An example of this instance is seen in the story of the secret of the Lotus flower where Buddha was seen to make his point by holding a golden lotus in his palms while standing before his followers, most of his followers were however unable to understand what exactly Buddha was attempting to say to them and only Mahakasyapa managed to understand what exactly Buddha was attempting to express. Mahakasyapa’s only indication that he had understood the message was a slight smile. In communicating this information it is clearly seen that no words intervened but yet the entire message was clearly understood by Mahakasyapa. This caused Buddha to sufficiently determine that indeed Mahakasyapa was the best individual who could be selected and chosen to succeed him (Smith, 87). In some of the Buddhist sects, the message being given by the teacher is seen to have a somewhat two pronged approach and while most people only understand the surface meaning of the teaching, the more perceptive disciples are able to deeply understand the message and sufficiently decipher its symbolism so as to truly understand its meaning

Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Diabetes - Essay Example It was observed that the patient was obese. It was reported that he suffered Head and neck-mild bleeding of gums with tooth brushing. The patient’s chest and abdominal examination was conducted. It was found that his chest and abdominal examinations were normal. The patient was not suffering from any genital problems. At his feet his skin was dry with calluses on the medial side of the big toes. The nails of the patient were normal. His pulses measured were strong and equal. Sensation was normal to 10g monofilament. History of Present Illness Alvin Floyd began to feel weak and fatigued two months ago. Very little work tired him. He used to urinate two to three times at night. The patient admitted that he feels thirsty more than usual and whenever he feels thirsty he drinks a glass of water. The patient had been a member of football team at his school. His weight was normal throughout his school life. After leaving school, gradually he weight gradually increased. Although his a ppetite was healthy and nutritious but now he was losing weight. Alvin Floyd often suffered from pain in his feet. He felt as if the pain was burning his feet and sometimes his toes felt numb. The tingling and numbness in his fingers was causing obstructions at his work. His vision was blurry sometimes especially in the afternoons. Past History Alvin Floyd never suffered from any chronic illness. He had surgical removal of the vermiform appendix in 1972. He had not visited his dentist since 6 years. Both parents of the patient were dead. A huge stroke was the cause of his father’s death when he was 69 years of age. His mother had been found to be a patients suffering from diabetes when she was 48 years old. She died at age 62 from end-stage kidney disease. His weight was 10 lb 2 oz at birth. Both of his parents and his siblings are overweight. Among his siblings two are diabetic. Social History and Habits At present, the patient is married father of three adult children. He i s not a smoker but drinks beer occasionally. He does not make medicines, nutritional supplements or herbal remedies. Diabetes Definition and/or description of diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease. The condition of hyperglycemia in diabetes results into defects in the secretion of insulin, action of insulin, or both. Further effects include long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of the pancreas, eyes, heart, blood vessels, nerves, and kidneys (Medicine Net, 2011). Pancreas   The pancreas is the organ responsible for producing insulin. Islets of Langerhans are tiny tissues found inside the pancreas. There number is around 100, 000. The islets constitutes a variety of cells. Beta cells manufacture the insulin also store it until the body has a need for the insulin. (Bashoff & Beaser, 1995). The pancreas also produce a hormone called glucagon responsible for elevating blood sugar. Insulin and glucagon keep the blood sugars within a normal range. Destruction of beta ce lls leads to decreased amount of insulin in the body (Kahn, 2003). Eyes   Diabetes is responsible for blurry visions. Once a person gets diagnosed with diabetes and he begins treatment, blurry vision corrects itself in a matter of a few weeks, provided the person keeps his blood sugar under control. Retinopathy is one of the most serious eye problems

An Introduction To Food Service Industry

An Introduction To Food Service Industry The purpose of this chapter is to critically review the literature relating to Food Service Industry, the position and attributes to gain costumers perception. The arrangement starts with the role of food service, with investigation into the food and beverage operations. Subsequently, considerations into Service Quality point were dimension such as expectance and perception and an illustration of service quality model are taken. In addition an overview into the food and beverage service employment. An important point is mentioned regards to food quality and influences on costumer expectance and perception. Furthermore, sections such us menu planning and meal experience will taken to enrich the research. Finalize with an important point nowadays, were environment impacts will be take into consideration. 3.2 The role of food service The provision of food and beverage service (Davis et al., 1999) and eating away from home are increasingly and there is widening diversity in the nature and type of food and beverage on offer (Lillicrap et al., 2002). In addition conferences organizers are very familiar with the need for a high quality of food and beverage service within venues (McCabe et al., 2000). There are many reasons that clients normally desire to include a food service function in conferences and meetings. Shock and Stefanelli (1992, p.132) in McCabe et. al., (2000) have suggested several reasons such as: to create an image to provide an opportunity for interaction and networking to present a person, product to refresh conference attendees and sharpen their attention to provide a interested audience to keep delegates interested in other non-food activities to increase attendance at conferences Food and beverage service is the essential link between menu, beverage, and other services on offer in an establishment, and the customers (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). The food and beverage function is characterized both by its diversity and by its size of the event as example of conference, meetings, exhibition and business events (Davis and Stone, 1991). Also can used as an effective tool to satisfy attendees and built attendance, as it empowers an attendees sensory memory of an event (Kim et. al., 2009). It is a significant and critical part of conference operations, and responsible for a high percentage of revenue for the venue (McCabe et al., 2000). In the past, food and beverage service was not important for conference centres, however now when a conference or meeting is organized, food and beverage services plays a fundamental role in the decision-making (Meetingnet.com, 2002 p. 35). Various groups and function venues dynamically search more out for group business as groups can be serviced with minimal costs and within particular times (Davis et al., 1999). Arranging an efficient food and beverage service for groups and functions at time can be very challenging. In many instances, groups may want very specific items, at very specific times and require special menus, or even an out-of-hours service (McCabe et al., 2000). 3.2.1 The food and beverage operations For a particular food and beverage operation the choices of how the food and beverage service is designed, planned, undertaken and controlled are made taking into consideration a number of organisational variables (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). Figure 5 shows the variables that food and beverage operation has to take into account. Figure 5: Food and beverage operations. Source: Adapted from Foskett and Ceserani (2008) A food and catering service into the conference industry is characterised as function catering. That may be described as the food and beverage service at a specific time and place, for a specified number of people, to an arranged menu and price (Davis and Stone, 1991; Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). There are a variety of function events ranges from providing a bar in a reception area where delegates for a conference are able to assemble before their meeting, to large formal banquets of over 1000 where six to eight courses meals are served (Davis et al., 1998). 3.3 Service quality concept The concept of service can be explained as an interaction between employees and customers (Ball et al., 2003). In this context service quality characterize the level of service that is delivered by operations (Sasser et al., 1982; Walker, 1990; Johns et al., 1994; Jones and Pizam, 1993). It is almost defined in terms of customers perception of expected quality and experienced quality (Brown et. al., 1993). However, service quality is a complex concept and generally needs more than one model to explain it (John, 1996). Many researches making effort to define service quality, they usually on quality service and how it reaches the customers needs. Service quality can be again described as the difference between customers expectation and distinguished performance (Lovelock, 1992; Juwaheer and Ross, 2003). Therefore, services providers need to explore ways to increase productivity, which rely on objectives and goals to be achieved of the service although including quality. Product quality usually ends in the eyes of customers, particularly in the service industry. However the criterion used from customers to evaluate it might be complex and difficult to describe, in particular involving services with high labour content because performance of labour can be different from producer to producer, also each customer can perceived it differently (Berry et. al., 1990). It is also measured according to the level and direction of difference between experience and perception (Sasser et. al., 1987; Gronoor, 1982). Moreover, Ogowicz et. al. (1990) states that perceived service quality can be see form external of the actual operation that appears between customers and servicer provider. In additional, Wyckoff (1992) and Becker and Murrmann (1999) argues that service quality is the level of excellence planned to meet customers requirements. Meeting or exceeding customers expectation is the means to ensure good service quality. Service performance can be judge as a low or high by customers comparing their expectation (Parasuraman et.al., 1988) Customers have a wide range of choices regards to a food service business. From many years of dining experience, customers expectation of service quality have increase and the food and beverage industry is competing to rising it market share (Raajpoot, 2004). As well in the present market place, service quality is know as one of the mainly significant aspect in expand and retaining the successful relationship (Svensson, 2002). Most organisations and managers now realise that customers satisfaction can generate a long-term success, the market were they control which not only include customers but also competitors, regulatory governments agencies and the overall marketing environment (Kandampully, 2001). Therefore, researches can be conducted to identify what creates and retains customers satisfaction and ways to evaluate. 3.4 Dimensions of service quality The intangibility concerned services make it more complicated for consumers to evaluate than product quality because cannot be stored or held. Services are complex to assess until subsequent they have been performed, and even towards it still difficult. However, service quality can be observed as a measure of quality of the delivered-service level equivalent to customers expectations (Lewis and Booms, 1983). Parasuraman et. al. (1985) developed a well-know research concerning service quality, to recognized factors that costumers perceive about service quality. As the research result, they revealed general criteria as the ten principle dimensions of service quality, commonly know as SERVQUAL dimension in order to judge an organisations service quality by customers. Figure 10 illustrates those ten factors. Figure 6: The ten principle dimensions. Source: Adapted from Parasuraman et. al., 1985. Initially, the research proposed 22 statements to identify consumers perception and expectation of service quality. Secondly, those statements represent the ten determinants of service quality (Parasuraman et. al., 1988) illustrated on figure 10. Moreover, service quality emerges from comparison of expected service with perception. Development of model concern service quality suggest that expected service is influenced by three key criteria which as Marketing/Service Package, Personal Needs and Desire and Past Conference Meal. (Parasuraman et. al., 1990). In this research the initial service quality has been adapted to food service function into the conference sector. Figure 11 will demonstrate service quality process to measure costumers expected service and perceived service quality. Figure 7 Service Quality Model to Conference Food Function Source: Adapted from McCabe et al., (2000); Parasuraman et. al., (1985). Even so, it has been suggested that expectations are bound by adequate and desire levels, with a zone of tolerance in between. Although a model has been suggested to conceptualise service quality, with gaps representing the problem associated with the difference between processes to assess costumers expectation ands perception on the food providers performance (Parasuraman, 1991). GAP 1: The procedural gap First gap is the difference between what management believes customers want and what customers really asked for. GAP 2: The understanding gap Second gap is the difference between costumers expectations and managers perceived from costumers expectation. GAP 3: The behavioural gap The service delivered is different from the service specification. GAP 4: The promotional gap The difference between what has been promised by marketing communication activities and the actual service delivered. GAP 5: The perception gap Level of service perceived by costumer diverges from the service actually provided. The model helps catering managers recognise the understanding of customers. Also offers a clear thoughtful to managers who require improving the service quality provided by their service process. Consequently, managers gain the knowledge to improve their service quality and how they can understand their customers expectation and make then pleased which can promote a successful result to a conference meal service (McCabe et al., 2000; Rogers 2008; Zeithaml et. al., 1990). 3.4.1 Expectance and Perception of service quality Customers translate their needs into a series of expectance of the service or product that stand on this ability to satisfy an assured or implicit need. If the food function meets and exceeds these expectations then the customers will feel satisfied and will feel that they have received quality (Parasuraman, et. al., 1985 in Davis et al. 1998). However, if the food function does not meet their expectation, then there is a gap between customers expectations and the perceived characteristics of the service and quality will not have been provided (Davis and Stone, 1991). Customers have different background which influences his or her perception (Olsen et al., 1998). Service delivery is variable and difficult to measure because of the individual character of the contact between customer and services provider (Lashley and Lee-Ross, 2003). Moreover, these needs become a series of expectations for customers such as the type of food they desire, how they would like to be greeted and how much they are prepared to pay (Lockwood et al., 1996). In additional, culture, mood and timing jointly with the customers previous experience can effect on the way service is perceived (Walker, 1990). It is understandable that successful service providers will depend on the individual service delivered, being capable to interpret the customers requirement and adapt the service delivered to their desire (Lashley and Lee-Ross, 2003). If the customer expectations are meet or exceed, they will be satisfied and will have a quality experience (Lockwood et al., 1996). Service providers seen to be more concerned about customers expectance and service delivered, it is important take into consideration if there is a mismatch between service delivered and what is expected, customers are less likely to return (Jones, 1989). Figure 9 illustrate four main outlines to meet customers expectations. Figure 9 Customers expectation Model Source: Adapted from Martin (2003). 2.4.2 Customer expectations Customer expectations are the required level of performance that customers require from a service (Swan and Trawick, 1980). Also based on how well services providers are able to fulfil customer needs and desires (Westbrook and Reilly, 1983; Woodruff; 1987). It plays a central role in understanding the evaluation of service quality (Oliver, 1980). A range of methods for concept customer satisfaction have been proposed, each theory are based on different foundation. The commonly conceptual definition based on expectancy theory, is that customer expectations are predictions created by the customer regarding to what they believe it will be the result of a service provided or exchanged (Clow et. al., 1997). The models of service quality and customers expectation Model see figure 9 stresses the role of expectations. As a result, food service providers should be not only to meet the customers expectations but also to exceed them. Even so, it should be evidenced that exceeding customer expectations by a very high level is both profitable and dynamic, also it will increase cost and customers will have even high expectations when they repurchase. (Olsen et al., 1996). 2.4.3 Customer perceptions Customer perceptions play a vital to the concept of service quality. Perceptions are customers beliefs when they receive and experience service. It gives an explanation on how customers perceive service and how they evaluate their feelings. Additionally, it is important that organisations and managers understand the criteria that customers use to measure service quality (Gale 1994). On average, customers do not perceive circumstances in the same way for the reason that they comprise different needs, objectives and past experiences which persuade their expectations (Seaton and Bennett 1996). Perceived quality is highly connected with service quality and customer satisfaction (Ndhlovu and Senguder, 2002), a high perception of service value can result in greater satisfaction and intentions to return (Tam, 2000). In the food service industry, customers evaluate, compare an establishment with is competitors, and that evaluation is based on satisfaction, where they observe evaluation of service quality from employees, product quality and price (Lewis, 1984; Johns, 1992). 3.5 Food and beverage service employment People working in food and beverage service are the main point of contact between customers an establishment (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). It is an important role in a profession with an increasing national and international status (Lillicrap et al., 2002). A research conducted by Bowdin and Pherson (2006) states figures regarding tourism service industry. In UK, 13,276 people are employed in the industry as their main job, with a further 337 employed as their second job (The Labour Market review for the Travel Service in Bowdin and Pherson 2006). Moreover, People 1st (2009) registered on total 56 per cent of the labour force are employed on a full time basis and 44 percent work part time. Also the research suggests that conference and events is the largest employer with 13,771 employees, this figure does not included in the figure above. While is difficult to assess the number of employed into the industry. It is obvious that growth in employment in this are and associated sector is occurring. The innovative industries have seen a rise of 400,000 employees in an eight years period (Bowdin and Pherson 2006). The hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism sectors surrounded by the fastest growing in the UK, with standard growth in the sector sitting at 7 per cent over the last 5 years, compared with a 4 per cent growth rate across the economy as a whole. Furthermore, it is predicted that 15,000 new jobs will be created in these sectors between 2002 and 2012 (Bowdin and Pherson 2006). From the Food Service Industry Profile (2009) in Peoples 1st (2009), a research shows that according to the labour force survey 2007/08 183,902 people work in food service establishments in the UK., which 67 per cent are women. They also supported that 15 per cent of those people working in the food and service industry are from black and ethnic minority. Furthermore, graphics 8 and 9 shows the employment by gender and full and part time employment into the food service industry: Graphics 1: Employment by gender and full and part time. Source: People 1st (2009). An additional data from the research reveal the industry age management profile, it says is relatively old when compare to other industry within the hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism sector. More than half 52 per cent are aged between 30 and 49 compared to an average of 35 percent across the sector. A further 27 per cent are aged over 50. Across the sector this figure stands at 17 per cent. 3.6 The concepts of food quality Food quality is generally distinguished from concept of value. It is understandable that food is a core product in any food establishment. Perception of food quality is part of the cognitive process, which influences satisfaction/ dissatisfaction as well as need fulfilment, expectancy affirmation, equity/inequity, also regret and unapprised cognition (Frewer et al., 2001). A high standard of service and quality of food with more sophisticated atmosphere can be found in a coffee shop or speciality restaurants; higher priced à ¡ la carte restaurant with more extensive menu and one or two cocktail bars in the hotel (Davis et al., 1998; Edwards and Nick, 1994). A well in conference centres were function meals served requires professionalism in preparing, planning and producing these meals; knowledge of the diners / customers and their expectations, desire and reasons for eating out are other crucial factors of food quality (Gustafsson et. al., 2006). Examining customer satisfaction, finds that food quality is part of top nine factors tested that had a considerable effect on customers intention to return in a food service. Likewise, the crucial factor of selecting food service establishment is determined by quality of food (Cullen, 2004). 3.7 Importance of food quality A researched carried by Kim et. al. (2009) analyse the influence of conference food function on attendee satisfaction shows that the quality of food content is the leading determinant of an attendees satisfaction with the food function performance. However, consumers are increasingly becoming knowledgeable and sophisticated about food; they usually expect and require food with genuine quality. If companies are prepared to respond to these demands and reflect them in their marketing strategies, the bottom line quality will appear for it self (Wheelock 1992). A term of quality are generally described rather differently between costumers and the provider (Wieske, 1981), and normally includes items such as the food variety, quality of ingredients, nutrition, portion size and price, those appropriated to meet customers desire and nutritional requirements contributing to pleasure of eating (Daget, 1988; Seo and Shanklin, 2005). 3.7.1 Customers role of food quality Food is not only a basic need of life but, it is a survival necessity. Eating is a part of activities of the daily routine, where variation, life style, imagination and imagination on food preparation and presentation (Wieske 1981). With food and service product price and variety can be widely provided. In general, customers are prepared to pay more for what they recognize to high quality service or product (Wheelock 1992). Quality on food can be relatively a complex issue. The food quality approach is engage into the natural sciences based on measurability of food quality characteristics. Those product and services characteristics are classified by costumers researches, transforming those in natural part of the product or service definition and can be conveyed to the next link to improve process on those processes with right specification related to an ingredients, manufacture procedures, packing and service standards, called specifications (Daget, 1988; Becker, 2000). Specifications are the meaning by product knowledge which is transmitted to all those concerned at the service or product. Any failure to certificate this will inevitably confuse those who face the problem of putting the design into production (Daget 1988). The product knowledge and quality expectation is powerfully influenced both by the companys marketing and advertisement as well as by the type of how it can be demonstrated and provision in the trade (Wieske 1981). 3.7.2 Influence of food sensory aspects on costumers Food providers can be even less confident about how much that food contributes to an individuals meal experience (Edwards and Nick, 1994). Experienced quality, including all sort of sensory pleasure particularly taste, and it is influenced by many ways for instance, the product itself, past experience which applies to both food quality and mood of the customer (Frewer et al., 2001). Despite the fact that sensory quality of food is just a part of the customers eating experience, it is very vital for food development, market testing and quality control (Nick et al., 1994). Costumers can use their sensory dimension and the freshness of food to evaluate food service quality or perceived value A successful food service function is the one which ensures providence of appearance, aroma, taste, temperature and texture are all as customer expectations (Jones, 2002; Lee et al., 2004). It is important to note that psychical quality of food is a vital part of customer satisfaction. Sensory aspects of food quality are perceived by numerous items (Jones, 2002), illustrated on table 9 the follow senses: Table 9 Food sensory aspects. Senses Examples Sight, Appearance Colour, visual texture, portion size, apparent freshness and purity; Smell Aroma, some part of flavour which is actually perceived through the olfactory area; Taste Combinations of sweetness, sourness, saltiness and bitterness to create unique flavour of food; Kinaesthetic Sense of muscular movement such as chewiness and tenderness; Touch, Texture Smoothness, dryness, lumps, fluid or solid including rare, middle or well done level of steak; Hearing Some foods are recognised by a crackle during chewing; Temperature Serving with low temperature or high temperature depending on types of meals or sweet. Source: Jones (2002). 3.7.3 The influence of food sensory attributes on customers The sensory attributes of a food plays an important role in it overall acceptance process. For example, it has been well acknowledged that there is specific design to the growth of pleasantness/unpleasantness as a function of the strength of food related sensory attributes. It is makes clear that customers expectations about the sensory properties of food have an influential effect on perceived food appearance (Thomson, 1994). According to many researchers regarding on the relative influence of food quality on customer satisfaction and behaviour (Auty, 1992), the sensory dimensions may perhaps be a core quality and seen as fundamental role to improve perceived service value in a food service context. Additionally the sensory attributes as well play a key role in the customers attempt to assess a particular food function performance (Kivela et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2004). A research conducted by Hester and Harrison (2001) reveals that the sensory attributes can be transformed into a perception of food quality by the costumers that may go ahead to repeat purchase. In addition, a better perception of costumers permit food providers to meet their needs and offer a wide range of nutritious, delicious, attractive and good value products. 3.7.3.1 The importance of appearance, flavour and texture Appearance is the first sensory sense that influences costumers to be interested in the food (Cardello 1994; Lawless 2000). It includes essential sensory attributes of the food as its colour, shape and size as well as more compounds attributes such as translucency, gloss and surface texture (Cardello 1994). Colour often predominate costumers expectations about flavour, and changes in shape or colour can reduce the sense of sameness. It predicts quality and motivates costumers expectations concerning other sensory attributes (Lawless 2000). Astonishing colours may possibly persuade caution until the food is determined to be safe, palatable, and nutritious (Lawless 2000). Although the visual appearance of the food is a potential influence on acceptability, package related to shape, colour, design, associated logo, symbols, brand item; and names are also important (Cardello 1994). Several researches has been conducted concerning important specifics attributes as important sensory factors involving acceptability of food variety, issues from costumers knowledge of food texture is essential to understanding its overall contribution to food acceptance. Furthermore, most of researches that have been conducted with food costumers, flavours are more often mentioned than texture as a reason liking or disliking food (Cardello 1994; Cardello et. al., 1983; Cardello and Maller, 1987; Hendrix et. al., 1963). On the other hand, other studies have indicated that texture is mentioned more often as a reason for disliking a food than as a reason for liking it (Schutz and Wahl 1981). Many others attributes have been taken into consideration, such as gender, socio-economic status and geographical location were factors related to awareness of texture. Women prefer to be more texture conscious than men, an attribute shared by people in higher socio-economic classes (Schutz and Wahl 1981). Despite the fact that the texture of food products can have a profound effect on perceived acceptability, an even greater influence is applied by the flavour of food (Cardello, 1994). 3.7.4 Expectation and perception on food quality Food services are characterised basically by experience also by an acceptable quality dimensions. For most quality dimensions, costumers can not recognize quality before or during the process, however, they have to create quality expectation which is called quality indication. There are generally two quality indication outlining the expectations which are extrinsic quality and intrinsic quality (Olson and Jacoby, 1972 in Frewer et al., 2001). Extrinsic quality factors refers to everything including price of the product or the brand Also, it includes atmosphere and service quality of staff (Frewer et. al., 2001). Measure satisfaction factor, it is becomes more critical as customer expectations and perceptions of product change. Customer product expectations are expected to increase, also their expectations of money value (Edwards and Nick, 1994). A research conducted by Dube and Renaghan (1994) recognises the importance to focus on relationship between satisfaction and the frequency of repeat purchase. In addition, they suggest to food service environment different ways to encouraging repeat purchase based on aspects such as tasty food, atmosphere, attentive staff, helpful staff, consistent food, menu variety and waiting time. Into the food service industry intrinsic quality refers to physical characteristics of the product or service, for example, when the taste or the appearance is inferred from the colour or other aspects include appearance and brand knowledge (Frewer et al., 2001; Tregear and Ness, 2005); also staff appearance and atmosphere of dining hall (Kim et. al., 2009). In addition, customers meal acceptance normally is not only influenced by food quality itself (intrinsic quality) but customers may rely previous meals experiences and value expectation (Oh and Park, 2000; Hartwell, 2004). 3.8 Menu planning The aim of food menu or beverage list is to inform customers what is available to them (Davis et al. 1998), in apparently random fashion with the food being raw, prepared or cooked. Individual menus came into use early in the nineteenth century, as the twentieth century advanced, and people settled around the world, the food service industry began to introducing different style of food and service (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). Function catering venues normally work on menu planning based on the guidelines in the financial and marketing policies, the different types of menus offered by a function organisation (Davis et al. 1998). Usually, those venues adopt the cyclical menus, these are complied to cover a given period of time: months, or seasonal. The length of the cycle is determined by management strategies (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). Table 6 shows the advantages and disadvantages of cyclical menus. Table 6 Advantages and disadvantages of cyclical menus. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Cyclical menus save time by removing the daily or weekly task of compiling menus, although they may require slight alterations for the next period. When used in association with cook-freeze operations, it is possible to produce the entire number of portions of each item to last the whole cycle, having determined that the standardised recipes are correct. They give greater efficiency in time and labour. They can cut down on the number of commodities held in stock, and can assist in planning storage requirements. When used in establishments with a captive clientele, the cycle has to be long enough so that customers do not get bored with the repetition of dishes. The caterer can not easily take advantage of good buys offered by suppliers on a daily or weekly basis, unless such items are required for the cyclical menu. Source: Adapted from Foskett and Ceserani (2008). Manage menu planning for conference events, should take several factors into consideration: food costs, delegate requirements, the type of items required by the client, nutritional concerns, seasonality, staffing implications, and the overall impression that the meal will give to delegates (McCabe et al., 2000). As a sales tool, menus often will by using well-planning and presented advertisement techniques, direct the customers what they are buy (Davis et al. 1998), also it is important to present clearly to clients and delegates the quantity, quality, price, brand (if necessary) and means of preparation of items within menu (McCabe et al., 2000). 3.8.1 Menu selection From conference managers, food function is related to cost driven, as food and beverage sector accounts for 28% of the total expenditure for the conference industry, which is the single largest portion (